How does Fitzgerald tell the story in chapter 3? Essay

In chapter 3 Fitzgerald introduces us to the main character of his book, and we finally get an insight into what Gatsby is like (albeit through the eyes of Nick Carraway) during the party he throws. Even though we meet the character himself, Fitzgerald continues to entice us with rumours of Gatsby, which is significant because it shows just how artificial his entire life is – he couldn’t dispel the rumours even if he wanted to. Throughout the party in chapter three, we meet a variety of different characters, which almost seem to act as tour guides; however, as soon as they’ve said their part, they seem to almost evaporate into the night. Each person has their own snippet of seemingly useless information, ‘She had a fight with a man who says he’s her husband’ or ‘somebody told me they thought he killed a man once’, its almost as if they’re not actually characters- merely rumours that have been personified to make the night more exciting. Conversely, one character with no rumour to spread is ‘Owl Eyes’, a ‘somewhat drunk’ man with ‘enormous owl eyed spectacles’ – typically a sign of wisdom, which is completely disregarded in this particular personality, as he conclude the main ideas in this chapter, these being that instead of wanting to talk to people at a party to gain insight about that person, the aim of talking t o people at Gatsby’s party is to procure an understanding into Gatsby’s character alone. As well as using Owl Eyes’ spectacles to enforce this point, Fitzgerald also chooses to base him in a library, surrounded by knowledge yet still painfully drunk and clueless. The fact that Owl Eyes thought the books were a â€Å"nice durable cardboard’ and was suitably impressed that they were in fact ‘real books’ portrays just how artificial everything is at Gatsby’s parties, and just how surprising it is to find something solid and genuine. These tour guides like Jordan, Owl Eyes and Nick himself, give us a very jolted view of the night, but the structure throughout chapter 3 was still very consistent and definitively chronological, however this completely changed at the end, Nick seems to come out of his narrators view point and instead talks to the reader directly.

How is religion a human response in the search for meaning? Essay

Every culture has some kind of religion, and all faiths answer the question â€Å"What is the meaning of life?† Humanity’s search for an answer to this question is one of the main reasons that people are drawn to religion. The answers, although different from religion to religion, give people’s lives purpose, meaning, and hope. Religion is found in all ages and all cultures. Its principles and values have given motivation and guidance to every human society. The function of religion in a society is often to explain to people their primal origins, the nature of life, the function and aims of life and reasons for living. Religion is just one of many answers to the questions that most human beings spend their lives searching for. Maybe that’s why so many strongly religious people are so at peace with themselves and with the world. Everyone’s looking for meaning in life, from all kinds of different sources. It’s human nature to want connection, a sense of belonging to something greater than ourselves, and a sense of community. This is derived from the human characteristic of curiosity. We want connection to our pasts and our heritage. We want answers to the big questions: Where do we come from? What’s the meaning of life? Why do good people suffer? Why is evil often rewarded? Religion provides solutions to many of these questions, to those who believe, but it also provides many new questions. Religion is a human response to the search for meaning for some people, but ultimately all are looking for the answers. Whether their path is through religion, obsessive meditation, staring at crystals, running 47 kilometers a day or talking to walls, everyone has to come to their answers on their own terms. Some people use religion for this purpose. When trying to find answers to life’s mysteries, religious impulse begins. When the mystery is understood, you come to understand the religious life as more as a quest than a destination. Steve Tyler of Aerosmith once sang â€Å"Life’s a journey, not a destination†. Maybe life is a journey of the search for meaning, its not something that your trying to accomplish, more something that you work through and once you’ve reached it then its over, which seems so much more purposeful than simply spending each day killing time. The study of philosophy seeks to develop intellectual abilities important for life as a whole. Properly pursued, philosophy enhances analytical, critical and interpretive capacities that may be applied to any academic field. In a world where religion often plays a central role in political, social and even economic events, there is a vital need for an ongoing critical analysis, reflection and understanding of religious traditions, issues and ideas. Taken together, philosophy and religious studies develops how to critically examine, analyze and appreciate these traditions and ideas. Proverbs 4:7 says â€Å"Wisdom is the principal thing; therefore get wisdom: and with all thy getting get understanding.† To me this seems to state that to understand something, one must have knowledge and astuteness of the subject. Therefore maybe the philosophy of religion is the path to realisation†¦ Religion is a source of meaning because it provides a way of addressing such diverse foundational questions as those raised by the facts of life and death or the very existence of the universe. Even more importantly, in terms of the meaning of everyday life, all religions provide a value structure within which the quality of human life or human progress can be measured. Religion acknowledges the validity of the quest for human happiness and all religions claim to be able to offer a map that traces the path by which happiness can be attained. All religions provide a sense of personal identity within which human life  can be structured. They also provide a social context that allows us to understand ourselves as part of a community with rights and responsibilities to that community and ways of relating to other communities. Obviously it is possible to find alternative ways of shaping one’s personal and social identity. However, history suggests that there are few ways that can match religion in catering for this key requirement in the search for meaning.

Our Duties to the Environment Essay

Technology, unfortunately, has two-faces; while it can aid the human race in easing tasks, curing countless diseases, and even lengthening life spans, it can also destroy the earth and its inhabitants. There is much good to be said about the development of the human race when it comes to technology, but it cannot be denied that insofar as Mother Earth is concerned, there were countless of damages inflicted through the process of development. There is a need to evaluate the costs and problems that will be met whenever new developments arise, as well as find means to finally minimize these problems. In order to come up with the information on how such problems may be minimized, there needs to be an analysis of the literature regarding such issues (Pojman and Vaughn 895). Despite the fact that various literature has been written about the problem, the human race cannot escape the fact that they might have not done enough to address such issues. Our Duties to the Environment shows that in order for such problems to be solved, there is a need for humans to acknowledge the fact that technology and development can cause as much harm as good to everyone. Work Cited Pojman, Louis, and Lewis Vaughn. â€Å"Our Duties to the Environment. † The Moral Life: An Introductory Reader in Ethics and Literature. , Louis Pojman and Lewis Vaughn. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. 893-895. Print.

The Multivariate of family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Multivariate of family - Essay Example Though some things are natural for people, Santorum restricts any variations, which may occur as the society develops, and expands its norms and traditions to adjust to the changing nature of human relations. Human beings develop certain connections and ties that help them function effectively with regard to their daily duties and responsibilities. I would say that society is built on the rules and norms, as well as freedoms and liberties. In this case, rules serve to restrict freedoms to the extent that prevents violence, reduces risk of anarchy, and regulates different types of relations, including those between family members, colleagues, officials, or laws enforcement units. â€Å"When liberals think about society, they see only â€Å"individuals† – not men and women and children† (Santorum 129). The fact that individuals act in a specific way, which does not differ greatly from what the society considers normal, it goes as something natural regardless of the gender, age, or social position. When individuals within the social framework need some retreat from the natural laws and it does not contradict the social norm greatly, it may serve on the same basis as eve rything that have been established for effective functioning of society. When individuals go to work and receive wages, this is treated as normal, whereas any deviation from this norm results in strikes and demonstrations of social protest. The same happens when people enjoy certain rights and freedoms on a daily basis, not wanting to refuse from those freedoms for the sake of natural vision. According to Santorum, the society that has other formula for the family than the one that is based on a heterosexual relations of a man and a woman, should be treated as â€Å"a false vision, because nature is nature, and the freedom to choose against the natural law is not really freedom at

Capital Budgeting Individual Project Assignment

Capital Budgeting Individual Project - Assignment Example Strategic planning is important to the future success of a business enterprise. Capital budgeting is one of the ways that can help a company achieve its long term success through proper planning. Lack of good road map that a strategic plan provides, may lead to misallocation of company resources through addressing short-term issues. This would in turn compromise the long term needs of the company. Necessary Information Sparklin Automotive Company (SAC) has been a successful company within the automotive manufacturing industry, operating since the last eight decades. The company has come up with an innovative idea to launch a new spark plug which offers an enhanced mileage to vehicles i.e. up to 100,000 miles. In order to initiate the new spark plug production, the company needs to set up a new manufacturing plant which would need to be analyzed financially in order to consider it viable for SAC. The entire setup would require information pertaining to the cash inflows and the cash ou tflows that would occur as a result of carrying out the production of the new spark plugs. The financial information that would be needed should only include the relevant costs that would only be attributed as a result of carrying out the new spark plug production. ... owing data would be used to evaluate the capital project: The new spark plug plant would need an initial investment of $1 billion in 2013, which would further be followed by another $500 million investment in 2014. The cash inflows that are expected as a result of this investment are: $300 million (2015), $350 million (2016), $385 million (2017), $400 million (2018), $450 million (2019), and $500 million (2020). All of these expected inflows are considered to be after-tax inflows. It is also expected that the new plant would not attract any Capital Gains; hence no tax savings would be gained. SAC’s current cost of capital is 10%. Capital budgeting The firm’s senior financial officers are faced with two important tasks in a firm. One of the tasks is to make decisions for improving the company’s return on equity. The other task is to find adequate funds for investment opportunities that may arise (Dayananda, 2002). Capital budgeting is the process in which a busine ss management determines whether projects such as long-term investment or building a new plant are worth undertaking. Basically, business should pursue all opportunities and projects that will increase shareholder’s value. However, because of limited nature of capital available for new projects, management needs to implement capital budgeting techniques to determine which will result to high return on a given period of time. Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) Weighted Average Cost of Capital is the calculation of a firm’s cost of capital that involves proportionate weighting of each and every category of capital. When calculating the firm’s weighted average cost of capital, all capital stock such as preferred stock, common stock, bonds, and any other long-term debt are all included. The formula

Novel Interaction Game for Kids Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Novel Interaction Game for Kids - Coursework Example The formed Tangible User Interface basically refers to a given interface whereas people interact with digital components and information by use of the physical environments. The interfaces are built on the intuitive knowledge of the objects of the physical world that people have. The objects themselves are used to provide the tangible interaction. Tangible interactions make use of the close relationship between the physical real affordances and the digital objects and thus provide initiative interfaces which promote supportive and collaborative activities as well as double-handed interactions which give its uses a sense of directness. The approach provided by the tangible interaction is that which stresses on the physical representation of data, materiality and also tangibility of user interfaces, the entire body interaction and the integration of the intuitive interface and the interaction of users in real physical contexts. Unlike the conventional learning methods, tangible interaction improves learning and offers significant advantages in learning environments. This is so because the frameworks that are adopted by the tangible interfaces guide learners and designers towards activities that encourage better and more profound learning. These interactions are therefore better in certain situations and in these situations help young learners enhance their knowledge. Better educational interaction requires a platform that enables learners to interact with the physical objects and things that they are used to during the learning process. This maintains the similarity of the learning process and actualizes it with the normal world making the learning process not only real but also adaptive (Hornecker & Eva, 2009). Tangible interactions also use an interface which remains interesting and easy to use. Such interfaces will always capture the attention and concentration of young kids and help them concentrate on their learning for longer. This is so because the platform is interactive and therefore involves them directly. The novel interaction game developed makes use of tangible interaction techniques to enhance learning among young people. It provides them with an interactive interface which makes use of physical phenomena and obstacles to promote learning. Basically, the game lets kids identify different continents at the beginning of the game and gets harder as the game progresses. For instance, it asks kids questions like to identify Europe (continent) using graphical interface and the kids are expected to interactively select the right continent displayed on the screen. This helps provide the kids with a better learning experience which is also practical. Method The novel interaction game for kids was designed using an intuitive interface whose aim was to encourage kids on learning concepts using interactive learning. This was chosen as an advanced and advantageous way of promoting the learning activity of kids. Contrary to the conventional learning methods, tangible interactive learning was formulated as a way of fully engaging kids in the learning process and improving their concentration during learning activities. The design of the tangible interaction interface was designed to let kids identify questions and tasks themselves. The identification process was designed to make use of the kids’ visual ability and en able them relate the program’s features to the physical world. The physical objects and images which have been used in the program were chosen to make the learning experience real and imaginable to the kids. This was a selected as a way of promoting

Save Our Children by Saving Their Music - Case Study of Glynn Co Research Proposal

Save Our Children by Saving Their Music - Case Study of Glynn Co School - Research Proposal Example As I am sure most board members are aware, extensive research has been done on the effects music programs and the fine arts in general have on our children’s success; especially children in low economic households where parents toil to cater for their necessities. I wish to share some of these findings with those who do not have an insight on the essence of the Fine Arts in schools, and offer a few ideas to alleviate some of the budget burdens that may have been overlooked. At the very least let’s start a meaningful conversation. It is essential that a music department be equipped with the proper elements in public relations and music education advocacy in order to gain support from administrators, parents, and the general public. The field of education requires massive support from the community, especially in the arts. Glynn Co Schools house students, teachers, and administrators, being a microcosm of the surrounding community. These schools represent the members of t he community and often give an accurate depiction of the characteristics of the area therefore if it is not an issue important enough for our administrators to get involve why should the public. Public relations are a key area in gaining the support of the general public yet when our band directors worked so diligently to secure a spot in the Cherry Blossom parade in Washington D.C., which only a few in the ENTIRE country were invited, there was barely a mention in the papers and not a word on our radio stations (Costes 52). I wonder if our young athletes worked hard enough to make the state playoffs if that would generate some buzz? Brunswick News heralding the wonders of our coaches as it called for every business to put on their signs â€Å"GO PIRATES†. Yes Pirates, go while our young musicians, who have worked so hard, stay home because no one wants to fund the bus to carry them to perform that which has so tirelessly been taught to them. Let our chorus teacher’s s pend their own money taking students home so those children, whose parents work, can stay after school to practice but let’s not give them the means to showcase the commendable job they have accomplished with these students. How about our Theater Arts teachers? How long has it been since we gave a standing ovation at a rendition of Death of Salesmen or Little Women performed by our children? I am not suggesting that our athletic departments need to be cut or imply that they are less important, only consider and weigh how many children are affected by cuts to the fine arts program verses those that are affected by cuts to the athletics department and adjust the budget accordingly. I am not just talking about the band and chorus, because it follows that I’ve got a horse in the race, I mean all of the fine arts departments. We should all be passionate about this. Think about how many of the great thinkers were and are performers in either Theater or music. Right now there are studies being done on the ill effects football has on NFL players not to mention the law suites. There are exactly ZERO studies being done on the ill effects of band, Theater, or chorus. When looking at gaining public funding and support from our businesses, the Glynn Co Board of Education must understand and indicate to the public important talent building among students and how we must ensure the survival and the success of the fine arts pro

Nancy Pearcey Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nancy Pearcey - Coursework Example The structure of the text adds quite little to the effectiveness of the text. For one, the paper lacks coherence and full of philosophical jargons at the expense of information. This also interferes with the general flow of the paper. However, if the paper was intended for specific audience like philosopher, it has a positive standing, but it is not presentable for general exhibition based on grammar and lexical jargons. Personally, reference to a subject in the essays and use of proper amount of vocabulary may make the paper coherent therefore increasing the readability of the paper The summary for the fundamental premise of ethics by Percey is almost perfect as she also indicates point from different thinkers such as Johnson, Harris, and the rest to prove her point about ethics, epistemology and science. She proves that science disapproved ethics. She also explain how ethics is based on idealization such as free sentient, and uncaused behavior, while the scientific world has no uncaused event Do you believe that there is a culture clash? If so, who is winning? Why? Consider how entertainment and news media, education, religious organizations, the courts, and each individual’s gut feeling on the matter influence how they see this issue. 13. Put NOMA in your own words. You can draw a diagram or picture of this if you want. Give an example of NOMA. How many scientific disciplines would easily fit into this paradigm? Where wouldn’t it work? (If you use an example of ethics rather than religion, explain why ethics must coincide with religion.) The non-overlapping magisterial is a very practical concept as science and religion attempt to use deferment methods to realize a common goal or knowledge. It is therefore healthy to argue that the few scientific disciplines will find a home in NOMA. For example, biology, chemistry and physic all emphasize nature. However,

Does Culture Evolve Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Does Culture Evolve - Essay Example In White’s opinion, human civilization has always attempted to the control over nature through culture. According to White’s perspective on the evolution of culture, the more a culture is able to harness energy from nature using efficient technology, the more evolved a culture becomes. From his point of view, both energy and technology play major roles by bringing about a much better evolvement of ideology and social organization of culture. In his article Eric Wolf, looks at culture from a very different angle when compared to White’s perspective. According to Wolf, culture evolved and progressed through trade and commerce. Wolf explains how traders traveled across the rivers and carried on fur trade along the coasts. Due to the increase in trade, there was great development in different kinds of transport which was so necessary to carry on trade across different borders. During the 18th century, traders made use of Native American middle men to deliver their pr oducts but gradually trade took on a whole new dimension by becoming more organized and sophisticated. Gradually, traders got rid of the middle men and carried on the business directly with the primary producer.

Level 3 Childcare Education Essay Example for Free

Level 3 Childcare Education Essay Describe the initiatives which influence the provision of challenging environments for children (5 marks) There are different types of international, national and local initiatives which influence the provision of challenging environments for children. An example of an initiative is the Forest Schools. ‘A Forest School is an innovative educational approach to outdoor play and learning’ http://www. forestschools. om/what-happens-at-a-forest-school/ Forest schools can influence the provision of a challenging environment, as the teachers can take the children in small groups every week to the local woods to have a better understanding of the outdoor environment and it’s linked to the curriculum. By doing this it enables children to be able to be in a safe environment when exploring and having adventures so they can see what things they can do when they go into the woods next time. It can also help children with problems such as language problems as this allows them to speak about the experience they are having which can then be taken to the classroom and then it could be turned into a story to help the child. When going into the woods it helps to cater the behaviour for the problem children and it also teaches children when they can and can’t mess around. It also focuses on the fundamental aspect of the Forest School innovation educational approach. The Forest School provides ways for meeting learning objectives while developing practical life skills and encouraging child-initiated learning, which is observed and assessed. Lots of young children prefer to be outside than in the classroom environment because they can find it more exciting and they might pay more attention. Word Count- 240

Marketing Managers Marketing Mix Marketing Essay

Marketing Managers Marketing Mix Marketing Essay The Marketing Mix, a basic tool of Marketing managers, the particular mixture of marketing techniques, for example, pricing, packaging, and advertising, used to promote the sale of a product. Marketing managers bring the elements of the Four Ps together, combining them to achieve a greater result from their combination then each of the individual effects of the Four Ps. In brief this assignment is concerned about marketing management .It covers in details about the concept of marketing mix with the aid of PepsiCo Inc., Which I have taken as a case study in exploring the way this organization has applied the marketing mix. CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION BACKGROUN OF THE COMPANY LITERATURE SURVEY IN MARKETING MIX MARKETING MIX IN PEPSICO INC CONCLUSION REFERENCES APPENDIX INTRODUCTION Marketing is about identifying human and social needs, in shortest form may be meeting the needs profitably. In other words marketing can be defined as an organizational function and set of processes for creating, communicating and delivering value to customers and managing customer relationships in ways thats benefit the organization and its stakeholders (marketing management, Philip Kotler Kevin lane Keller 13th Edition 2006). Mainly marketing was not being done only with the marketing department of the organization. It needs to interact with the aspects of the customers experience marketers must properly manage all possible points to satisfy the customer. Satisfying the customers was not an easy task for a marketer to market his product, a proper marketing plan definitely needed for the success of the product for this, marketing mix was a very important tool for the proper marketing plan in success. Thats why now a days marketing mix as become a very vital role in the organization products. The proper marketing mix definitely gives a positive growth and enabling the organization to increase the market share in the particular target market. MARKETING MIX The term marketing mix refers to the four major areas of decision making in the marketing process that are blended the results desired by the organization. The four elements of the marketing mix are sometimes referred to the four Ps of marketing. The marketing mix shapes the role of marketing with in all types of organization, both profit and non-profit. Marketing managers make numerous decision based on the various sub elements of the marketing mix, all in an attempt to satisfy the needs and wants of customers. In recent times, we have seen the explosion of new media (Internet, viral marketing, event marketing, product placement, etc.) decreased television viewership, the advent of TiVo and similar technology where viewers can be skip through commercials, and increased cost-cutting pressures. All of this has combined to increase demands for marketing departments to maximize the return on their marketing investments that is to optimize the combination of marketing and advertising investments in order to generate the greatest sales growth and or maximize profits. Marketing mix modelling measures the potential value of all marketing inputs and identifies marketing investments that are most likely to produce long-term revenue growth. As a marketing manager of PepsiCo Inc., is a world leader in convenient snacks, foods and beverages with revenues of more than $39 billion and over 185,000 employees. Here i am going to discuss about my organization, organization marketing strategy and mainly the marketing mix implemented by PepsiCo. BACKGROUND OF THE COMPANY NAME : PEPSI CO COUNTRY OF ORGIN : UNITED STATES INDUSTRY : Food Snacks Non-alcoholic Beverages CEO : Indra Krishnamurthy Nooyi PRODUCTS : Pepsi : Mountain Dew : Sierra Mist : Starbucks Frappucino : Lipton Iced Tea : Tropicana products, Etc., HISTORY The Pepsi Cola Company began in 1898 by a Pharmacist and Industrialist Caleb Bradham, but it only became known as PepsiCo when it merged with Frito Lay in 1965. Until 1997, it also owned KFC, Pizza Hut, and Taco Bell, but these fast-food restaurants were spun off into Tricon Global Restaurants, now Yum! Brands, Inc. PepsiCo purchased Tropicana in 1998 and Quaker Oats in 2001. In December 2005, PepsiCo surpassed Coca-Cola Company in market value for the first time in 112 years since both companies began to compete.PepsiCo, Incorporated (Short for Pepsi Company) (NYSE:  PEP) is a large multinational with interests in manufacturing, marketing and selling a wide variety of carbonated and non-carbonated beverages, as well as salty, sweet and grain-based snacks, and other foods. Besides the Pepsi-Cola brands. PepsiCo is a world leader in convenient snacks, foods and beverages with revenues of more than $39 billion and over 185,000 employees. In India PepsiCo gained entry to India in 1988, by creating ventures with Punjab government-owned Punjab Agro Industrial Corporation (PAIC) and Voltas India Limited. This joint venture marketed and sold Lehar Pepsi until 1991, when the use of foreign brands was allowed; PepsiCo bought out its partners and ended the joint venture in 1994. In 2003, the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), a non-governmental organization in New Delhi, said aerated waters produced by soft drinks manufacturers in India, including multinational giants PepsiCo and The Coca-Cola Company, contained toxins, including lindane, DDT, malathion and chlorpyrifos pesticides that can contribute to cancer, a breakdown of the immune system and cause birth defects. Tested products included Coke, Pepsi, 7 Up, Mirinda, Fanta, Thumps Up, Limca, and Sprite. CSE found that the Indian-produced Pepsis soft drink products had 36 times the level of pesticide residues permitted under European Union regulations; Coca Colas 30 times.C SE said it had tested the same products in the US and found no such residues. However, this was the European standard for water, not for other drinks. No law bans the presence of pesticides in drinks in India. In 2006, the CSE again found that soda drinks, including both Pepsi and Coca-Cola, had high levels of pesticides in their drinks. Both PepsiCo and The Coca-Cola Company maintain that their drinks are safe for consumption and have published newspaper advertisements that say pesticide levels in their products are less than those in other foods such as tea, fruit and dairy products. In the Indian state of Kerala, sale and production of Pepsi-Cola, along with other soft drinks, was banned by the state government in 2006, but this was reversed by the Kerala High Court merely a month later. Five other Indian states have announced partial bans on the drinks in schools, colleges and hospitals. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PepsiCo#PepsiCo_in_India) LITERATURE SURVEY MARKETING Marketing is a social and managerial process where by individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others (kotler and Armstrong principles of marketing) MARKETING MIX Marketing mix is the set of controllable tactical marketing tools that the form blends to produce the response it wants in the target market. marketing mix is consist of every thing the firm can do to influence the demand for its products the many possibilities can be collected in to four groups of variables 4pproduct, price, place, and promotion (kotler Armstrong ).The marketing mix principle are controllable variable which have to be carefully manage and must need the target customers. All elements of the marketing mix are linked and support each other. PRODUCT The first element in the marketing mix is the product .The term product refers to the tangible physical products as well it includes services. Product means the goods and services combination the company offers to the target market. (Kotler Armstrong) .An object or a service that is mass produced or manufactured on a large scale with a specific volume of units. A typical example of a mass produced service is the hotel industry. A less obvious but ubiquitous mass produced service is a computer operating system. Product is divided in to three basic levels: Core products Actual products Augmented products Core Products The perceived or real core benefit or service to be gained from a product. Actual Product A composite of the features and capabilities offered quality and durability, design and product styling, packaging and brand name. Augmented Products Support for the product, including customer service, warranty, delivery and credit, personnel, installation and after-sales support. PRICE The second element in marketing mix is price. The price of the product covers all the expenses incurred in manufacturing and selling. Price is the amount of money customers have to pay to obtain the product.(kotler armstrong) .It is determined by a number of factors including market share, competition, material costs, product identity and the customers perceived value of the product. The business may increase or decrease the price of product if other stores have the same product. For example: When pricing a new product, businesses can use either market penetration pricing or a skimming strategy. Types of Pricing PENETARTION PRICING: Penetration pricing is the pricing technique of setting a relatively low initial entry price, a price that is often lower than the eventual market price. The expectation is that the initial low price will secure market acceptance by breaking down existing brand loyalties. Penetration pricing is most commonly associated with a marketing objective of increasing market share or sales volume, rather than short term profit maximization. SKIMMING PRICING: Skimming pricing is the strategy of establishing a high initial price for a product with a view to skimming the cream off the market at the upper end of the demand curve. It is accompanied by heavy expenditure on promotion. A skimming strategy may be recommended when the nature of demand is uncertain, when a company has expended large sums of money on research and development for a new product, when the competition is expected to develop and market a similar product in the near future, or when the product is so innovative that the market is expected to mature very slowly. Pricing objectives usually four forms: Profitability Volume Meeting the Competition Prestige Profitability Profitability means that the firm focuses mainly on maximizing its profit. Under profitability, a company increases its prices so that additional equals the increase in product production cost. Volume Volume pricing objectives a company aims maximize sales volume with in a given specific profit margin. The focus of volume pricing is increasing sales rather than on an immediate increase in profits. Meeting the Competition Meeting the price level competitors is another pricing strategy. It is focusing in less on price and more on non-price competition items such as location and services. Prestige Prestige pricing refers to the practice of setting a high price for an product, throughout its entire life cycle as opposed to the short term opportunistic high price of price skimming. This is done in order to evoke perceptions of quality and prestige with the product or service. PROMOTION Promotion is the third element in the marketing mix.Promotion means that the activities communicate the merits of the product and persuade the target customers to buy their product. (kotler) Promotion represents all of the communications that a marketer may use in the marketplace. Promotion has four distinct elements advertising, public relations, word of mouth and point of sale. A certain amount of crossover occurs when promotion uses the four principle elements together, which is common in film promotion. Advertising covers any communication that is paid for, from television and cinema commercials, radio and Internet adverts through print media and billboards. One of the most notable means of promotion today is the Promotional Product, as in useful items distributed to targeted audiences with no obligation attached. This category has grown each year for the past decade while most other forms have suffered. It is the only form of advertising that targets all five senses and has the recipient thanking the giver. Public relations are where the communication is not directly paid for and includes press releases, sponsorship deals, exhibitions, conferences, seminars or trad e fairs and events. Word of mouth is any apparently informal communication about the product by ordinary individuals, satisfied customers or people specifically engaged to create word of mouth momentum. Sales staff often plays an important role in word of mouth and Public Relations. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_mix) For example a consumer is likely to want only one variant of your product and expect to purchase it immediately. A retailer is likely to want limited stock of a number of variants and not expect to pay for 60 days. A distributor is looking at large volumes of product in all its variants at greatly discounted rates. Your distribution policy needs to take account of these variables. If it does not, then you will find yourself in a very embarrassing position with a customer sooner or later which would result in the loss of a sale. The elements of the communication process are: Sender Decoding Message / Media Decoding Receiver Feedback Noise There are four promotion tools. Each promotion tools has its own unique characteristics and function. Advertising Sales promotion Public relations Personal selling (Term explanations are in Appendix) PLACE The fourth element of the marketing mix is place .Place includes company activities that makes the product available to target customers (kotler) Place represents the location where a product can be purchased. It is often referred to as the distribution channel. It can include any physical store as well as virtual stores on the Internet. Place refers to having the right product, in the right location, at the right time to be purchased by consumers. This proper placement of product is done through middle people called the channel of distribution. The channel of distribution is comprised of interdependent manufacturers, wholesalers, and retailers. Each participant in the channel of distribution is concerned with three basic utilities: time, place, and possession. Time utility refers to having a product available at the time that will satisfy the needs of consumers. Place utility occurs when a firm provides satisfaction by locating products where they can be easily acquired by consumers . The last utility is possession utility, which means that wholesalers and retailers in the channel of distribution provide services to consumers with as few obstacles as possible. MARKETING MIX IN PEPSI PRODUCT As per kotler said product means any thing that can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use or consumption and might satisfy a want or need .mostly products are fall into two segments .consumer products and industrial products The Pepsi drink contains basic ingredients found in most other similar drinks including carbonated water, high fructose corn syrup, sugar colourings, phosphoric acid, citric acid and natural flavours. The caffeine free Pepsi cola contains the same ingredients but no caffeine. Quality Pepsi follows one quality standard across the globe. Pepsi has a long-standing commitment to protecting the consumers whose trust and confidence in its products is the bedrock of its success. In order to ensure that consumers stay informed about the global quality of all Pepsi products sold in world .Pepsi products carry a quality assurance seal on them. The core benefit is drink for refreshment without alcohol and the feature is black colour with contain Aspartame (Nutra Sweet), Sucralose (splenda), Acesulfame Potassium (Sunnett). Augmented Product: Good customer support (i.e. Accessible, fast) Differentiation Pepsi has attempted to differentiate its products from cokes, but with little success. In an attempt to differentiate its products from cokes, Pepsi shifted its focus to the growing American teenage market in the 1990s, while coke continued to target baby boomers. Pepsi focused on varietal differentiation since 1999 by introducing a string of niche products although product innovation has been quickly copied by Coke. Since product extensions generate considerable uncertainty with modest results and high cost, both firms could jointly de-escalate the introduction of new products in favour of focusing on core brands, with some emphasis on product innovation. Pepsi could signal this intent by announcing its strategy publicly, hopefully encouraging Coke to follow suit. Brand Extension in Pepsi PRICING Pricing is the only mix which generate the turn over for the organization the remaining are the variable cost for the organization. Price must support all elements of marketing mix, pricing is very difficult and must reflect and supply demand relationship. Types of pricing Strategy. Penetration pricing Penetration Pricing is a market-based approach to pricing wherein the price is set to a sufficiently low level (below the prices of competing products) to make the product attractive to the mass market. The aim is to achieve a large market share by high initial sales. It is introducing the product at a low price intended to capture the mass market for the product or service. Skimming pricing A product pricing strategy by which a firm charges the highest initial price that customer will pay. As the demand of the first customers is satisfied, the firm lowers the price to attract another, more price-sensitive segment. Therefore, the skimming strategy gets its name from skimming successive layers of cream, or customer segments, as prices are lowered over time. Competition pricing Method in which a seller uses prices of competing products as a benchmark instead of considering owns costs or the customer demand. Product Line pricing Product lining is the marketing strategy of offering for sale several related products. Unlike product bundling, where several products are combined into one, lining involves offering several related products individually. A line can comprise related products of various sizes, types, colours, qualities, or prices. Line depth refers to the number of product variants in a line. Line consistency refers to how closely relate the products that make up the line are. Line vulnerability refers to the percentage of sales or profits that are derived from only a few products in the line. Bundle Pricing Another pricing adjustment designed to increase sales is to offer discounted pricing when customers purchase several different products at the same time.   Termed bundle pricing, the technique is often used to sell products that are complementary to a main product.   For buyers, the overall cost of the purchase shows a savings compared to purchasing each product individually. Psychological Pricing Psychological pricing or price ending is a marketing practice based on the theory that certain prices have a psychological impact. The retail prices are often expressed as odd prices: a little less than a round number. The ASIA CSD market is mature. The industry sales growth is largely driven by population growth as well as the amount of advertising and product innovation taking in the industry. Given the mature nature of the market, both PepsiCo and coca-cola have resorted to pricing discrimination strategies to maximise the value of the consumer demand. Direct Pricing Discrimination The simplest form of extracting customer surplus is charging customers with different prices based on their location and purchasing power. This is evident in the international operations of both Pepsi and Coca cola. Cola prices in Mexico, Brazil and Eastern Europe are lower than prices in Asia. Restaurant fountain drinks, single drinks at gas stations and take-home packs at supermarkets have all different prices on a per-unit basis even though their costs adjusted for packaging and distribution would not warrant such a discrepancy. Obviously, such segmentation helps situational-based pricing differences. In-Direct Pricing Discrimination Quantity discounts along with price coupons used in supermarkets are obvious indirect price discrimination tools Pepsi can use. However, the most effective indirect price discrimination tool Pepsi has is in fact its brand name. The Pepsi brand equity actually allows the company to maintain its pricing power. Retailers use this product category to induce store traffic and create additional sales, which in turn reduces their power relative to Pepsi. Given the 80% margin on concentrate, it is easy to see why Wal-Mart and other discount retailers can undercut Pepsis pricing with private labels, but still they will be ineffective in stealing Pepsi customers as long as Pepsis brand (and Cokes for that sake) maintains high customer loyalty. PROMOTION The successful products are service means nothing and less the benefits of such service can be communicated clearly in to the target market. Normally the promotional mix consists of: Advertising Public relations sales promotion Personal selling Direct mail internet, e-commerce Normally Pepsi spending more on advertising rather than any other promotion mix. The main promotional strategy for Pepsi is advertising on media and taking part in social corporate events and sometimes Pepsi also offering sales promotions during the non-peak periods to retain the sales partly, now Pepsi advertising in internet also. As a marketing manager of Pepsi should go with Virgos advertising strategy to overcome the competitor and also Pepsi should contribute public relation also that will definitely give positive and rapid sales increase. PLACE The distribution and logistics operations of the PepsiCo, one of the worlds leading beverages and snack foods companies. The distribution system of the company clearly explaining the significance of various distribution channels used including supermarkets/retail stores, fountain/restaurant, convenience stores, vending machines and others for distributing beverages and snack foods. It also describes the logistics operations of PepsiCos bottler (Pepsi Americas) and elaborates on how by employing the latest wireless technology solutions it enhanced the efficiency of its distribution and logistics operations significantly. CONCLUSION Pepsi Inc., as built reputation around the world as a major player in the soft drink market as well as the leader in the snack food industry. This has been done by creating a wholesome environment for their customers all the while maintaining its integrity. This can be seen in the marketing mix which is the successful mix such as product, price, promotion and distribution. But in PepsiCo distribution must understand the importance of an efficient distribution and logistics management system in reducing costs and creating value for customers. An effective marketing program brings together all of the elements of the marketing mix to achieve the organisations marketing objectives by delivering to customers what they want and need. Thus, the most successful companies will be those that can meet these needs most effectively. REFERENCES Marketing a Service for Profit: A Practical Guide to Key Service Marketing Concepts By Ian Ruskin-Brown, Greg Clark, Published by Kogan Page Publishers, 2007 Marketing By Richard Sandhusen Published by Barrons Educational Series, 2008 The Marketing Mix Published by Primedia Corporate University, 1998 Marketing management By Philip Kotler and Armstrong Web References http://www.pepsi.com/ http://www.pepsico.com/ http://www.sirpepsi.com/pepsi11.htm

Postmodernity And Brecht In Contemporary Theatre Film Studies Essay

Postmodernity And Brecht In Contemporary Theatre Film Studies Essay This essay will demonstrate the postmodern theory and how playwright, Bertolt Brecht has influenced postmodernity with contemporary theatre. I shall analyze how Brechts styles and techniques have influenced postmodern theatre and the comparisons he had with Aristotle. By doing this, I shall discuss Frederic Jameson, Jean Baudrillard and Jean-Francois Lyotards respective ideologies. References are evident from the sources from the bibliography. What is postmodernism? Postmodernism is a broad phrase that is realistic to various cultural texts like beliefs, skill and writing amongst others (Bertens, 1995: p.63). It is mainly a response to the exact anticipated belief, idea and determination in clarifying realism. In other words, it stops from an acknowledgement which realism is not basically represented in peoples beliefs but alternatively, it is very creative as the belief attempts to appreciate its individual certainty and subjective realism. Postmodernism is extremely uncertain of reasons that argue to be acceptable for every nation, practices and civilizations (Rosenau, 1992: p.113), (Sarlak, 2010: p.32). It alternatively involves every individuals comparative realities. To identify postmodernism, analysis is significant and realism simply explains peoples understanding of what humanity represents to them independently. Postmodernism furthermore trusts actual encounter upon conceptualizing cultures which understands that peoples aftermath encou nter will unavoidably be comparative and imperfect before general and definite (Sarlak, 2010: p.32). Postmodernism additionally rejects several basic reality beliefs and it requires the logical enthusiasm and methodical reality that will describe entirely for everyone with a supposed contemporary representative approach. The postmodern contradiction view is that it should understand that the individual beliefs are still not past searching when identifying every belief below the disbelief analysis (Sarlak, 2010: p.32). There are three key theorists of postmodernism and they are Frederic Jameson, Jean Baudrillard and Jean-Francois Lyotard. Jameson is very judgmental of the contemporary past circumstances as he believes postmodernism has changed it into a sequences of meaningless conventions of what he calls, pastiche that can then be used up and produced (Buchanan, 2006: p.95). He conflicts this postmodern situation with the modernist circumstances which was discontinued. Postmodernis m has absorbed an advantage of several differences of culture and realism. Jameson explains that postmodernism has extended to a huge opening of cultures area of interest massively and traditionally in regards to the creative sophistication of realism. Jameson defines his concept of pastiche as a postmodern parody without any political problems (Buchanan, 2006: p.95). According to Jameson, parody was changed by pastiche in the postmodern stage of development. In his own words he said, Pastiche is, like parody, the imitation of a peculiar or unique, idiosyncratic style, the wearing of a linguistic mask, speech in a dead language. But it is a neutral practice of such mimicry, without any of parodys ulterior motives, amputated of the satiric impulse, devoid of laughter. (Hill and Fenner, 2010: p.82) People have failed to link to the olden times that changes the directions into a sequence of techniques and discontinued categories like Simulacra and Simulations. Simulacra and Simulations is coined by another postmodern theorist, Jean Baudrillard. Baudrillard is allied with the concept of what is generally known as The loss of the real. This is an interpretation which in modern life, the general stimulus of fantasy from television, film and advertising has directed to a failure difference of depth and surface, illusion and reality and imagine and real (Bishop, 2009: p.32-35, p.95). The outcome is a culture of hyper realism that differentiates the connections is wearing down. Jean-Francois Lyotard also contributed a lot to postmodernism. The term postmodernism was employed in the 1930s but its present style and views can be assumed to have started with Lyotard (Barry, 2002: p.86). Lyotard believes he should get rid of the discontinued task of modernism, that of the enlightenment ideology (Gabrielle and Ilcan, 2004: p.77). Contrast with Enlightenment Ideology Its characteristic engages with the theory of which style is understandable (Marshall, 2004: p.50). Differences of opinions work as interpretations of beliefs but they do not have a meaning past that at all. Modern cultures look to the theory which people continuously direct to their own suggestions and developed it. In postmodernism, there are just influential people (Klages, 2006: p.169). There is no constant reality. There are only faces with no seriousness. This is carefully associated by means of what Baudrillard advices in his theories with reference to simulacra as there are no fundamentals and just duplicates. Contrast with Modernism Modernism on the other hand, is a general appealing actions of the twentieth century and it relates to a group of moral, diplomatic and theoretical beliefs that give the foundation for the modernism artistic view (Zafirovski, 2011: p.265). However, postmodernism gives out comparable appeals with modernism as they eliminate limits of high and low cultural styles. They point out that pastiche changes theatrically in its view in direction of these styles and developments. Modernism shows peoples partial disintegration as a little dreadful although postmodernism never weep this position but observes it instead. One of the majority important arguments of postmodernism and modernism is the matter for the entirety and shared quality. Postmodernists have forbidden these objectives as Meta-narratives despite the fact that modernists tried to catch the entirety and shared quality in certain point (Strinati, 1995: p.215). Semiological Factors Structuralism advancing to post-structuralism has also had certain control on postmodernism (Taylor and Winquist, 2001: p.265). One of the post-structuralists focal influences theories is that every importance is a subtext (Strinati, 1995: p.116). Therefore, people are left with reality collected of interpretation methods. Moves in semiotics have resulted in a bigger intertextuality impression which applies to the clues certainly having to do with each other. The content is interpreted in connection to different content and that is why a stylistic series suggestion is taken to accept on the content. Baudrillard gives the term simulacrum that is a certain significance in semiotics perspective which gives from a usual one that is a duplicate of another duplicate that has been so immoral in its regards to the unique that cannot be a duplicate anymore (Klages, 2006: p.169), (Sandlin and McLaren, 2010: p.45). The simulacrum rests on its own as a duplicate lacking a representation and it i s not a difficulty of repetition and pastiche anymore. On the other hand, simulation is the creation by representations of common sense without foundation and actuality which is called, Hyper-realism (Baudrillard and Poster, 2001: p.149). Baudrillard has established more on the simulation view as he disputes that the simulation judgment had gone beyond allegations to a main common reality to the idea where such simulacra amounts to represent realism itself (Baudrillard and Poster, 2001: p.181). However, pastiche consists of the disintegration and creation of common procedures as it explains the neutral reference of primary creative ways in postmodernism production. Technological Factors According to Jameson, the area under this discussion turns out to be further incomplete as it deals with a society inside the one that discovers the conclusion of the notable history in the postmodern period (Jameson, 1998: p.73). Postmodernism and Theatre Traditional theatre is represented by the importance identifying within the story and the devotion to Aristotles theatrical theory concept (Styan, 1965: P.60). Hegelian ideology has furthermore categorized into contemporary theatre alongside the persons actions at the theatre lead (Chemers, 2010: P.42). Aristotles art representation is additionally engaged in the naturalism pinnacles as convinced by the Darwinian rule of contemporary drama performance. Drama practices include approaches like dancing, singing, stage blocking and symbolic speaking that required theatrical aim progresses. Raymond Williams commented the calamity achievement in contemporary theatre where the isolated persons difficulty in a favourably developed sphere is emphasized (Williams, 2006: P.10). He highlighted how theatre principles are distinguished by its audiences suitability and its interactions to certain principle values. He emphasized how theatrical styles are argued as characterizations over which playwr ights, audience and actors correspond to encounter. Therefore, the production could be continued. Postmodern theatre is motivated to appear on artistic and past perspectives for communications to express itself alongside the common closure style (Nash, 1996: P.153). A similar representative is seen in various cultural types. Postmodern theatre views separate past and artistic cultures as an infinite motion basis. Theatrical approaches depictions and new features are reserved since various perspectives. Postmodern theatre acquires technique choices and general development with the style confinement failure (Wallis and Shepherd, 2004: P.139). This is considered in many methods in performance. Additional significant postmodern theatre approach is the inter-text where different versions are employed to describe on one another (Wallis and Shepherd, 2004: P.159). However, postmodern theatre is differentiated by agreeing and conflicting with the parallel modernist failed concept of Aristot le and Hegelian ideology judgements. While performing, actors wait for their cues and when they come in front of an audience besides learning their lines. Modernism and its features are not only seen in how messy the story is (Wallis and Shepherd, 2004: P.91). Actors also go across various portrayals and presentation aspects in the exact time and space while they are in their characters. Actors and their characters supports from one another because when actors are in their characters concurrently, they are in distinct worlds because they anticipates their cues but are not basically featured in the performance deliberately, substantially and instantly, although in actual reality, they are there. Postmodern theatre is furthermore distinguished from the modern theatre with the type of styles (Wallis and Shepherd, 2004: P.52-P.60). The industry separation, media beliefs and modernization influences drama performances (Wallis and Shepherd, 2004: P.60). This innovative theatre performance standard needs a distinct opinion from the audience but in postmodern theatre; Aristotles liberating idea revives radical unimportance. Artistic knowledge also develops entirely relating to the meaning-making development (Kershaw, 1999: P.12). Postmodern audience is furthermore appealed to go past this meaning-making development like how postmodern theatre is obligated to go past discussion advancements in demonstrating ideology into routine and back to ideology for it to be capable to articulate itself. Postmodern theatre compels the audience to continually assume an important attitude in observing. Meaning-making and communication invention in postmodern theatre is never a basic individual connection awareness form. Postmodern performances are then demonstrated with habitual interruptions in the audiences rational development with a careful attitude regarding communication partiality. Brechtian Aesthetics, Language and Post-Modernity Bertolt Brecht was perhaps a highly symbolic individual in dramatic artistics during the last century. His analysis of Aristotles extended recognized example and his later investigation and invention of the alienation effect or the distancing effect as people sometimes call it as well as his innovative style of theatre called, the Epic Theatre has modernized the style to dramatic custom and many statuses when it comes to creative talents. It has turned out to be idolized in its personal claim during the course of the sphere (Banham, 2000: p.261). Jameson shortens the alienation effect as The V-Effect as it is originally known in German as Verfremdungseffekt (Jameson, 2000: p.11, p.85). Jameson has specified certain elements in the alienation effect as it is most importantly implied as an inner experience where the creative show gets the audience into understanding the sphere in odd traditions. The methodical element of the alienation effect is situated in the show presentation and it s dramatization where the engagements of items and the positioning of performers are structured to dismay what the audience looks forward to in the theatre. Another element of the alienation effect and imaginably the highly alienating is carried out across the effort to separate the audience from the drama by shutting down and turning down support and compassion (Jameson, 2000: p.39). The reason for this is because it is aimed to make a vital gap so that the audience is capable to imagine throughout the show presentation in order for them to take action once it finishes. For Jameson, the doubt around the objective of denying and disagreeing the affecting link includes a different stage of alienation to Brechts work (Jameson, 2000: p.52). The reviewers along with the audience are incapable of making their minds up of the alienation effect objective and they are so alienated from their knowledge theory protection. So here situates with the instructive carries across of the alienation effect that is primary to what Brecht called the, instructive theatre (Willett and Brecht, 1964: p.71). The instructive theatre is when the audience is stimulated of finding for additional communications of understanding, explanation, criticisms, narratives and further critically to make the sphere once again. That is why it pours out of the previous constitutions of the alienation effect which is possible as the instructive revelation that has peoples requirement is beyond the past. Everything is not normal, destined, fixed or emotional characteristically in direction of a permanent conclusion in particular when every practical characteristic of peoples lives makes the stage up for their individuals show presentations which have to do with organizations providing educations that are variable. The particular character appears on or after following the disguise of the independence as soon as the sphere is formed oddly to people such as the demonstration of theatre that is made by the moving of sets on stage. It was looked as constant some time ago as it is recently established as curtailed, fragmentary, hypothetical and crucial. To run through and sum up, alienation is another word for estrangement and Brecht said, Estrangement means to historicize, that is, consider people and incidents as historically conditioned and transitory. (Ewen, 1967: p.222) That means the audience will not see the characters on stage anymore as they are not stimulus, unchangeable and vulnerable in bringing above to their outcome. The radical objectives of Brechtian alienation that puts across around instructive theatre must be compared with the acceptance of a natural past that permits no other course of action and in that way introduces the forthcoming events as a present unlikelihood. Instructive theatre separates the daily petrified and insensible reality (Willett and Brecht, 1964: p.71). The practicality of Brechts alienating effect holds people to the instructive characteristic o f performance that has the realistic outcome of separating that philosophical explanation of the modern public realism. For Brecht, the alienating work characteristic is exactly its proposal to the idea which the sphere could be otherwise (Jameson, 2000: p.39). When it comes to alienation, people carry on and finish a helpful ancient story through uncovering the likelihood of revitalizing, restructuring and modernizing the sphere (Philosophy of Education Society, 2002: p.186). Splitting the times that have gone by across extracts is one example and that is why it is unsuccessful when it never found the impression for the influence of the likely undevelopment in the constant contemporary. Jameson has ran through the checking development amount which consists of dividing the times that have gone by in that modern performances are designed simultaneously from elements of the previous performances where the entire surface objective of an era outwardly further than history and alteration as it gives in to an initial logical unstructured one prior to succeeding at a genuine modern and common united modernization reestablishment (Buchanan, 2006: p.42). The importance is on the modern drive unclassified and unconfined by the alienation effect which is articulated in the artistic influence of extracting, dividing, classifying and transplanting the frightened and fixed sphere. However, Brechts disputes and peoples importance have collapsed further down the analysis by famous postmodern cultural critics and mass media philosophers with the information time of life start and its influential issues on the topic of how about they corresponds. Culture and civilization can decide the Brechtian artistics and visuals importance by supporting the contemporary interpretation and the social and literary creation styles. The dramatic artistics and visuals main rule was credited to Aristotle in the middle of others up to Brecht and it is particularly in Brechts poetics (Bennett, 199 7: p.24), (Suvin, 1984: p.115). Aristotle had a very particular introduction for popular theatre that consists of the three unities of time, action and place (Brockmann, 2010: p.295). Aristotle thought that theatre ought to keep a life experience in its substance for the audience to recognize by means of it and remain stimulated by way of it afterwards. He also wanted this idea to have a successively feeling to the changed pardoning of catharsis. Brecht appeared during the 1920s and as he grew up, he established his artistic and visual in the course of the 1930s that opposed a lot of Aristotles extended recognized unities (Thomson and Sacks, 2006: p.209, p.212). Brecht alternatively chose to look theatre over as a modern type and not a changeable knowledge beyond catharsis but instead to some degree is increasingly crucial to work the audience into reacting by moving themselves away after the performance to imagine and believe rather than feeling. Brecht advised that the mental stat e of disappointment and understanding represented as difficulties to an important manifestation while Aristotle disputed that a central character must be an understanding character who has power over an unfortunate error with the purpose of bearing for them (Shaffer, 1992: p.123), (Hiltunen, 2002: p.46). Furthermore, Brecht reflects on the public procedures and understanding despite the fact that Aristotle asserts that the plays central point is a particular characters hamartia (Shaffer, 1992: p.120-p.121). Brecht supports his alienation effect as a method that upsets the audience by way of an ostensibly surprising and odd action and image whereas Aristotle highlights the poetic continuity categorization. Brechts aim and objective is to have the audience vitally separate themselves from the play and estimate the public and shared perspective. He also wanted them to achieve in addition of an extra demand to action than a passionate liberation. Culture and art was very influenced by t he scientific developments in interaction very remarkably with the television and the knowledge era over the last four decades. Cultural critics have asked issues of how reality was represented in the simulation era as these skills and scientific developments turned out to be more and more dominant. Jean Baudrillard was one of the many theorists who believed that a move in the realistic realism style had followed. This claim has been introduced even though it is not clearly to a standard and natural Brechtian artistics and visuals significant analysis that disputes that the representation is a traditionally represented clue and it is itself an Aristotle contradiction idea which explains that a representation is an unchangeable reality. Reality is additionally a variable unit and it is needful on certain elements which are only observed highly by the media with Baudrillard along with his contemporaries (Baudrillard and Poster, 2001: p.149). The realitys pastiche is no longer an indic ation and it is made aware by its clear difference of the formation and the initial analogue. The interpretation in the knowledge era is not so evident in an affiliation anymore if it is to find Aristotles concept of peoples facts or Brechts concept of public fact while theatre in Brechts time and period was evidently defined as an expression means for the factual. Baudrillard also thought that representation does not happen to be present anymore and it also does not influence an allusive characteristic anymore as that is all people have to behave (Pawlett, 2007: p.87). This contradicts Brechts artistic and visual ideas that are centred on confronting public realism as the result of the characteristic imaginable of representations made on stage. Brecht could not have quite estimated these theatrical variations in the manner that people have to do with reality. The postmodern condition uniqueness and distinctiveness is important to this argument after it advances itself through the s cientific era beginning. Certain concepts and suggestions have claimed the postmodern condition artistic and visual unique and distinctiveness but there are several that constantly reverberate which consist of analysis and critique as an aesthetics search and the philosophy analysis. On the other hand, analysis and critique is an ideology that generally links with grammatologist (Taylor and Winquist, 2003: p.164). Jean-Francois Lyotard also disputes that culture was additionally unified by political hegemony (Strand and Le Hir, 2000: p.149). Brechts artistic and visual is clearly established on a distinct set of beliefs. His epic theatre and alienating effect theory are entirely embedded with Marxism and this not just a political basis but it is one of the majority generalizing theories of contemporary Western concept (Reis, 1993: p.136). The Marxist artistic and visual is very consolidated and it is political and diplomatic as it is against the market as an important aspect in peop les works. This aim and objective is similar to Brechts aim and objective as it has to do with basic transformation which brings a technique down and replaces it with a pristine conceptual and philosophical theory and traditions. The alienating effect supports this theory by establishing a theatre type which carries out the surprises to reduce the vital distance that is centred on the theory of the reality in an understandable point and focus in mental reality (Jameson, 2000: p.84). The philosophy, aesthetics, analysis and critique tradition and presentation dispute this idea to distancing and not engaging to support a different purpose and theme which additionally continues critical hegemonic probabilities such as fascism. The connection, purpose and theme mix altogether and as the result of that, it eliminates their double reality which confuses the view but it eventually directs an extra gentle and genuine judgment (Jameson, 2000: p.21). On the other hand, it is not necessary to entirely ignore Brechts theories as they support importance contemporarily in spite of the basic move in the purpose and theme connection, interpretation, philosophical and moral basis. There are also some tactics and approaches for Brechts theatre which really appear to suit very suitably in the postmodern condition and its artistics method (Wright, 1989: p.135). Brechts leftover utilization can be clearly linked to the suitable movements of the scientific era and the market culture and civilization even if it is used with the focused of essential distancing. The point that Brecht employs a dramatic plan that breaks itself for the alienation effect can presently be recontextualized to fulfil the postmodern artistic range (New Observations Publications Incorporated, 1985: p.47). If the alienation effect is secluded, it could clearly be accredited to Brechtian techniques. The artistic could clearly be disputed as postmodern even if his dramatic techniques are centred on theories with reference to entirety but unfortunately Brechts dramatic custom would turn out to be very contradictory if this were the issue (Trussler and Barker, 2002: p.326). It would also not stimulate public engagement anymore but only satisfy a culture and civilization which are driven for strong media and reducing the characterless. Dramatic performances in media should be reconsidered with television and digital media on the internet as the main source of interaction in the postmodern age. The creativities determining the amount rupture, the reality investigation and the theme loss could appear to reduce Brecht and every theatre conventions. However, this is just the start of the era and by way of it occurs in every basic and principle; the theories are predominant and forceful just as similar as Brechtian theatre. Maybe a further explained contemporary media outcome result will appear from the sense of modification and the remnants of it will be capable for directing the theatre role as well as Brechts theatre in the future. Fantasy Brecht views performers as a suitable representation because they market and promote an invented dignity set to the audience that feels an emotional blast causing a demonstrative climax but however, the audience has previously felt the utmost demonstrative finish at the end of the performance. This involves the recollection which follows by the certain plot outcome. The audience has no alternative but to avoid the fast diminishing recollection of their theatrical stimulation and revert to the small actual representation which looks out for them beyond the theatre inside. This is Brechts critical style of Aristotles catharsis. Brecht also wanted the audience to see the characters as part of a bigger issue rather than revolving around the specific difficulty (Heinen and Weber, 2010: p.13). His alienation effect ideology was made to stop the audience from understanding the characters on stage and it would make his aim and objective realistic. In his own words, Brecht said, Estrangement means to historicize, that is, consider people and incidents as historically conditioned and transitory. The spectator will no longer see the characters on stage as unalterable, uninfluenceable, helplessly delivered over to their fate. He will see that his man is such and such, because circumstances are such. And circumstances are such, because man is such. But he in turn is conceivable not only as he is now, but also as he might be that is, otherwise and the same holds true for circumstances. Hence, the spectator obtains a new attitude in the theatre. He will be received in the theatre as the great transformer, who can intervene in the natural processes and the social processes, and who no longer accepts the world but masters it. (Ewen, 1967: p.222) Aristotelian theatre has understood the well designed theatrical production, advanced character occurrence and delay of doubt. Brecht created Epic Theatre which consist the plot viewed in a sporadic manner as there is very insufficient cause and effect of the character progress and scene sequences is collective (Benjamin, 2003: p.6). On the other hand, the alienation effect identifies with explanation, impartiality, neutrality and it gets around feelings. Brecht attempted to succeed distancing in so many ways as he made the action representative, cruel and complete. The action for Brecht is direct which lacks the conclusion as every scene sequence is conclude inside it and it is dramatically understood to stop the misconception feeling (Jones, 1987: p.105). So as a result in Brechts Epic Theatre adaptation, Brecht not only aimed to aggravate the audience into changing culture by reconsidering mutual theory. He also wanted the audience to see the characters in the theatre performance as part of a bigger and further essential unity. He used his Alienation Effect ideology to that influence. For Brecht, the difference of theatre and existence and the performer and observer is unclear and constricted which makes it eas ier for the theatre production conclusion to be left in charge of every audience participant (Reis, 1993: p.136). Furthermore, the audience is left in sensitive condition height at the theatre production conclusion in Brechts catharsis style. The audience have to furthermore do something in opposition to the public issue which was introduced to them for finishing the demonstrative purification (Barranger, 2006: p.123). The move from realism to hyper-realism happens when the representation interpretation succumbs to simulation. The simulation scene is a distancing exterior that permits for no theatre production representation of comparison and the entire sphere it provides and characterizes. The essential world, its very infinity and hugeness is nothing more than the simulation of these importances that is a simulacrum which present a limitation approach as it controls and restrains the spaceless understanding and the partial procedure sphere from a Brechts point of view. The distanc ing fades away into closeness and existence turns out to be a simplicity and simultaneity condition. People might still come across something similar to Lyotards theory of passibility (Crockett, 2001: p.49). Lyotard expresses this conflict as an effort to change modernity to move complication and purpose by transcribing beyond the theories of its telos (Holmes, 1997: p.175). He suggests a concept he called, Working Through as opposed to modernitys guided creation which is a free theatre performance as opposed to tactical theatre performance (Malpas, 2003: p.119). Brecht and Lyotard had one thing in common. Both of them agreed that the appeal to avoid the control of a complete method pushed in direction of its individual beliefs and ahead of it whilst being in different realms in numerous concerns. In Lyotards own words, he said, Being prepared to receive what thought is not prepared to think is what deserves the name of thinking. (Williams, Crome and Lyotard, 2006: p.277) Neverthele ss, modernist works are limited and separate units for every free theatre performance in them that is just what the conventional culture organization empathizes (Murphy, 1999: p.30). The innovative modernity that is existent to this problem was overcome by political and diplomatic historical past. However, postmodernity is encountered with these circumstances and will then take the separate exit (Frascina, 1992: p.97). If the culture work is surely a commodity then it may also confess on it because the commodity as the instinctively copy argument forces the commodity out. Postmodernist culture will end its individual limits and turn out to be comparable by means of normal commodified existence in an ironic explanation on the modern work whose constant arguments and changes in any circumstances understand no recognized limits which are not continuously doing wrong (Bell and Le May, 1993: p.175), (Eagleton, 1986: p.141). If every work of art can be corrected by the decision direction, then it is boldly better to anticipate this outcome rather than reluctantly enduring it which by this time is a commodity that can keep from commodification. Postmodernist culture will give a downgraded respond to certain selectivity by fixing itself in the ground if the elevated modernist work was established in the concept (Harris and Frascina, 1992: p.97), (Eagleton, 1986: p.141). However, Brecht has commented this theory as a beginning after the bad new things instead of a beginning after the good old

Why I Think They Should Legalize Pot :: essays research papers

Why I Think They Should Legalize Pot By Hagbard Celine There has recently been lots of contreversy over whether they should legalize marijuana, or not. I think they should, and there is lots of important evidence and reasons to support this. If drugs were legalized, this country would be a much nicer place to inhabit and for this reason and others, the government should stop cracking down on harmless pot users. Here are the reasons why weed should be legalized in the United States: First, our prisons are so full of drug users like harmless pot smokers and such that we do not have any place to stick real criminals. A friend of my brother's was killed by a drunk driver about three years ago when he went off to college. The guy who did it got community service time, and a year without his liscense. This is not justice, and changes need to be made. We can't throw every little pot head in jail just because they like grass. After all, it's not like it's cocaine or something, which should still be illegal. Second, marijuana is not even as bad as some of the stuff that's legal. You are more in control of your senses than when trashed, and not nearly as violent. Nobody has ever died directly from getting stoned. Smoking a joint is not as likely to cause cancer as a cigarette, and weed isn't addictive. In fact, there are very little bad sides to smoking marijuana. It doesn't even burn your throat as much when you smoke it in a bong as do cigarettes. Thirdly, if the price of pot went down quite a bit, then there would be no crime because of it. Pot would be very good for our economy, and pot farmers would make lots of money. It's easy to grow, hence the nickname "weed." And the price would drop so much that a dime bag would be a penny bag, and a 100-

Prince Hal in Shakespeares Henriad Essay -- William Shakespeare Henri

Prince Hal in Shakespeare's Henriad The question that Shakespeare raises throughout the series of Henry IV, Part I, Henry IV, Part II, and Henry V is that of whether Prince Hal (eventually King Henry V), is a true manifestation of an ideal ruler, and whether he is a rightful heir to his father’s ill-begotten throne. England is without a true king, being run by a ruler without the right of divine providence on his side– altogether, a very difficult situation for a young, inexperienced, and slightly delinquent Prince to take on. The task of proving himself a reliable Prince and a concerned ruler is of utmost importance to Hal, as he does not enjoy the mantle of divine right– perhaps by being an excellent ruler, Hal can make up for the usurpation of Richard II’s crown. Even though he is unable to change his ancestry, he may be able to gain God’s support by ruling justly, piously, and effectively. Robert Fallon defines this stage of England’s history as â€Å"an era when monarchs were expected to share with their soldiers the dangers of the battlefield, where strength of character was equated with strength of arm and a king’s ability to rule was measured by his ability to lead his armies in conquest,† and this is the mindset that Hal must deal with, moving from an irresponsible tavern dweller to a responsible ruler, fit to lead England with God’s support, if not his permission (Fallon, 111). The association of Prince Hal with dubious, tavern-dwelling creatures like Falstaff is a main point of contention between his supporters and detractors. Because the audience first meets the Prince in Henry IV, Part I, while he is carousing in the tavern with Falstaff, it is necessary for Shakespeare to indicate that Hal is not as enchanted with... ...stability and domestic tranquility. Works Cited Fallon, Robert Thomas. â€Å"Henry V: This Star of England.† A Theatrer-Goer’s Guide to Shakespeare’s Characters. Chicago, Illinois: Ivan R. Dee, 2004. 106-122. Ornstein, Robert. A Kingdom for a Stage: The Achievement of Shakespeare’s History Plays. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1972. Roe, John. â€Å"Henry V: The Prince and Cruelty.† Studies in Renaissance Literature: Shakespeare and Machiavelli. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 2002. 63-93. Shakespeare, William. Ed. David Scott Kastan. Henry IV, Part I. London: The Arden Shakespeare, 2002. Shakespeare, William. Ed. A.R. Humphreys. King Henry IV, Part II. London: Methuen & Co., Ltd., and The Arden Shakespeare, 1981. Shakespeare, William. Ed. J.H. Walter. King Henry V. London: Metheun & Co., Ltd., and The Arden Shakespeare, 1954.

A study of Arthur Conan Doyle’s Essay

Of the five Sherlock Holmes stories we have read, I will be writing about â€Å"The Silver Blaze†, â€Å"The Speckled Band† and â€Å"The Man With The Twisted Lip†. Sherlock Holmes, of 221 Baker Street is one of the most remarkable and remembered detectives of his time. Holmes is unlike any other fictional detective, as he seems almost too clever at times. Holmes is famous for his powers of observation and deduction. Holmes is able to change his age and gender in order to help solve a case but the image that sticks in most peoples head’s is of him in a ear-flapped traveling cap and with a pipe in his mouth Arthur Conan Doyle began writing the stories 100 years ago, he chose set them in the past times, although to him the stories were set in the present tence. I can tell the stories are set 100 years ago because of the language, clothing and transport. In each story Holmes is required to travel up and down the country in order to solve the cases. He often travels by 1st class carriage, this shows he is of the upper class and will appeal to the readers, as they too were probably upper class when the stories were first wrote. In â€Å"The Speckled Band† Holmes and Watson travel by Pony Trap, this is another type of old fashioned transport. Cars were not around at the time the stories were written, however if they were used this would spoil the story as it would ruin the setting. The old fashioned language also plays a key part in the setting, some of the words and phrases Holmes uses are no longer used in modern day society such as â€Å"Pray continue your narrative† and â€Å"alas† that are used â€Å"The Speckled Band†. In the Silver Blaze Holmes says â€Å"Helloa† not only is this old fashioned language but also is it slightly unorthodox for Holmes as his grammar is of a high standard. I think the setting appeals to the readers as there are no other old fashioned fictional detectives. In the modern day detective stories the detectives are not able to appear as clever as Holmes as they can solve their cases by taking D. N. A samples and matching them up with the suspects, leaving the hard work to science. As this sort of technology had not been invented while Holmes was alive, he had to solve the cases using only his intelligence and powers of observation. Each story is started in Holmes’s rooms, this too shows that Holmes was well off as houses in London were not cheap at the time. Another piece of evidence to show that Holmes was of the upper class is that he had his own maid that cooks and cleans, although Holmes is never seen eating. Although Holmes does not charge for his services, all of his clients are wealthy people. In â€Å"The Speckled Band†, Holmes’ client Mrs Hudson, lives in a large house in the country. The fact that all Holmes’ clients are wealthy and important shows that Holmes too is important and wealthy. If Holmes dealt with poor less important people or less challenging cases it would ruin his reputation and the story as it takes a complex case to make a good story. Of the three stories we have read, each has followed the same basic structure, the structure plays a key part in all of the stories, as it is the same throughout all of the stories it allows the reader to understand what is happening and to feel more involved as they know what will happen next. Each story starts with a brief comment from Watson, he will always try to make this case seem better than the previous one by saying things like â€Å"Of all these varied cases I cannot recall any which presented more singular features†. Here Doyle is trying to hook the reader into reading the rest of the story by making them believe that this story will be better than the last. The case will then begin with a troubled client finding Holmes, never the other way round, as Doyle does not want to make Holmes appear desperate by looking for clients. The client explains their case before leaving it for Holmes to solve. Although Holmes does not advertise his services in any way, his clients always find him, this is often because someone has recommended him. â€Å"I have heard of you from Mrs.  Farintosh, whom you helped in the hours of here sore need. † The fact that the client always finds Holmes largely adds to his reputation. There is one main difference in the opening of the stories, this is in â€Å"The Man with the Twisted lip† where start of the story is set at Watson’s house. The main difference here is that the client has not come to Holmes or Watson but to Watson’s wife, â€Å"Folk who were in grief came to my wife like birds to a light house† this also gives Watson a chance to explain the case to the audience before explaining it to Holmes. Conan Doyle has started the story like this mainly to give Watson a chance to shine and show that there are some differences in the structure of his stories. Although Watson is portrayed as being quite stupid, this is only because he is out shone by Holmes’ intelligence, Watson is in fact a doctor and although he does not solve any cases he does come to some significant conclusion. The next part of the story will involve Holmes and Watson traveling to the scene of the crime, which is a crucial part of the story. During their journey Holmes will often become â€Å"buried in the deepest thought†, here Holmes is already beginning to think of what may have happened before he has any real evidence. Although Holmes tries to distance himself from the police force his methods are exactly the same as that of the police. Each time Holmes visits the scene of the crime he is able to deduce more than anyone with him, often Watson. Holmes will then drop a red herring by offering a false conclusion, e. g.in â€Å"The Speckled Band† we are lead to believe that the gypsies are responsible for the murder as Holmes thinks this, at the end of the story we learn that the gypsies had nothing to do with the murder and that they were the red herring. The red herring is often the same conclusion that the readers and Watson had come too. In each story red herring is designed to throw the audience off the right trail. It offers a too-easy conclusion to the case, tempting us to take the bait and making fools of us if we do, although after reading a few stories we know that Holmes first conclusion will be a red herring therefore prompting us to discard it.

EL wk

Unfortunately there is a lot of concern about whether or not many searchers have the proper knowledge or experience working in or living in diverse environments (Robinson & Clearly, 2011). One way of dealing with this is to integrate ways to approach cultural diversity throughout the teaching program. Once teachers are given the proper techniques then dealing with and approaching diversity will be much easier. Another great way to acknowledge cultural diversity is to integrate it into all aspects of education. Social studies is a great subject to pull from, but it does not end there.Although the case study was for Korea, Johnson Choc, had mom great ideas of how to educate others regarding cultural diversity. He states that the main goal was to â€Å"plans are to teach children of multicultural families Korean culture, to help them learn Korean as well as their mother tongue, and to provide after school programs so that the children can adjust themselves to the education system† (Johnson, 2010). The idea of having after school programs to aid ELL's and their families in learning English is terrific.This will extend the learning time outside of the classroom for those who would be interested in participating, as well as, offering childcare during after school hours. As an educator it is important to reach out to families of English Language Learners and connect with them. Teachers must encourage families to participate in school functions and aid in the success of their child's education. Connecting with families has many positive outcomes, but one in particular is squashing the idea that immigrant and minority cultural values are dysfunctional (Syria, 201 1).Therefore, it is important to work together as a school and community to ensure students and their families feel welcomed. Inviting members of the community into the classroom who are great cultural role models is a great way of accomplishing this. Syria suggest six ideas or target areas that can be h elpful, and they are, assisting families with parenting skills, improve communication with families, increase opportunities for families to volunteer at school, help increase family involvement in student learning at home, ensure that families play a role in school decision making, and increase collaboration with the community (Syria, 2011).With this in mind survey your community and connect with families, then develop activities that will ensure their involvement and cooperation. Below are examples of three activities that honor and respect cultural diversity. Activity One: Celebrate Cinch De Mayo This will be a two part activity to be done during class time and after school. To begin, as a class we will be creating decorations for a potluck type dinner that evening, and decorating the gymnasium or community hall. We will need different types of paper, material, glue, string, and tape.This would also be a great opportunity for students to bring things from home that represent their culture. We could use these things as centerpieces on the tables. Prior to these activities flyers will be sent home in both English and Spanish to inform families of the projects, and the celebration. The flyer will not only request their appearance, but to also bring their favorite Cinch De Mayo dish. This activity is addressing the Spanish speaking community and bringing a part of their culture into the classroom and outside of the classroom.Let's face it who does not like a celebration with, food, family, and fun. This provides a great opportunity to teach social studies and the history of Cinch De Mayo and its importance. It is also a great tool for art, science, reading and math. Activity Two: Open House Volunteers At the first open house of the year have parents sign up as classroom lepers for days of importance from their culture. You would partner with the parents to gather information on what day they would like to honor from their culture. The parents would be your best resource for what children could learn from them.You and the parent could meet the week before the event to plan the activities, worksheets, etc. And by doing this you have an ongoing dialogue with parents, parents become active participants in learning, and it gives the English learner student a greater sense of pride and inclusion into an often otherwise difficult transition. This can target all cultural groups within the classroom. The materials are minimal at first and consist of calendars in English and the home language to mark the important dates, pens or markers, and welcome flyers.Please note that a calendar in each language should be sent home with the families. From there as you develop activities your supply list will change as needed. This again will pull from all subjects within the classroom and involve both students and their families. Activity Three: Homemade Dictionary In this activity you will devise a dictionary to help the students and their arenas with the tran sition in English language learning. You could include pictures with the words to help with translation and understanding.You could ask parents to submit suggestions for words from their language that are commonly used and create a page of English words and their language words for a better understanding of language the student might be using. This would be extremely helpful to you and to other students who are trying to befriend the English language learner and include them in activities in the classroom. This activity will target all cultures within the classroom and will be extremely helpful in all subjects, but mainly in Language Arts.The materials will be minimal at first, because you want to compile lists that will then be transferred to poster board and located throughout the classroom. So pens, pencils, and paper is all that is necessary to begin. The great thing about this activity is that it will not only help the students, but the teacher as well. It is not uncommon for n on-English Language learners to get stuck for words from time to time, so having these prompts through out the classroom in both English and the home language will help everyone in class to monomaniac. Teaching cultural diversity within the classroom is important to everyone.It is not only helpful to the teacher and English language learner, but it also teaches the other students to respect other cultures and their beliefs. The over all goals here is to teach ELL students the English language, but we do not want them to completely leave out their heritage and beliefs. Inclusion is futile and we can do this by involving their families and educating them on how to take part in their child's education. This can be accomplished by making sure teachers are give the proper techniques to approach diversity, and connecting with culturally diverse families, and figures throughout the community.