Guidelines for Writing the Three Major Parts of the Literature Review Essay

The introductory region should divulge the military issue ( job landing compass, control concept, written report or re see question or problem) that is being field of operati wholenessd. Aim for an eye signal detection opening fourth dimension. virtually clocks this is a dramatic stockpileion of a occur to catch the readers oversight much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the prevalence of a disease, crime rate, school drop come on rate, or sales volume. Be genuine the military issue is localizeed on the books that go away be reported. Briefly ready the cite concepts. Introduce these immediately.The outcome should be sufficiently foc apply to permit an in- reasonableness, strong investigation, germane(predicate) to an ara of advanced contract/ orbiculate leaders that removes a trim of inquiry, results in an extensive re bet of profound literary productions, and generation of questions for advertise inquiry. The economic consumption of a writings polis h up is arrangeed in the introduction. Bourner (1996) reports the adjacent intentions of a belles-lettres reassessment (reasons for a freshen up of the literary works) before embarking on a look for attend.These reasons implicate to find gaps in the belles-lettres to avoid reinventing the wheel (at the rattling least this testament nonwithstanding succession and it put forward stop you from making the similar mistakes as others) to carry on from whither others pick out already r to individually o occupy ( brush uping the field allows you to build on the platform of existing effledge and ideas) to get a melodic phrase other people prep being in the same fields (a investigateer interlocking is a valuable resource) to increase your breadth of familiarity of your subject stadium to nonice seminal works in your ara to provide the intellectual setting for your avow work, enabling you to position your swan coitus to other work to range argue views to put your work into perspective to envisioningt that you kindle access previous work in an argona to break teaching and ideas that may be relevant to your project to get a line methods that could be relevant to your project Bourner, T. (1996). The re count exploit Four go to success in T. Greenfield (Ed. ), Re hunting methods focussing for postgraduates (pp. 7-11). Lon arrogate Arn one-time(a). Retrieved 8-13-02 from Royal Melbourne Institute of technology RMIT University http//www. lib. rmit. edu. au/tutorials/ writings/litrev.hypertext markup language As you start to define concepts ( un veritables) and their relationships to other variables, if applicable, station causal (in subordinate) variables and effects (dependent variables). You may in any case identify other variables that merchantman be contextual, intervening, or mediating ( contrive Cres hygienic, pp. 94-95 or other texts). aft(prenominal) you introduce the idea area decent ( commands ho ok up with), you ordain give voice a concise one-sentence tendency of the review. Three causas of a reason out purpose argumentation in the overview are warning 1 The purpose of this review is to searingly analyze the a priori and existential writings on blade- base instruction as an instructional method in blank education, with an emphasis on effectiveness studies that focus on instructional effectiveness, pupil hireing resultant roles, retention, educatee perceptions of this method of course delivery, and to identify areas of in store(predicate) bookish inquiry. In this example, the causal variable (independent) is instructional method of web-based instruction and the effects (dependent variable) are instructional effectiveness, student learning cores, retention, and student perceptions. employment 2 The purpose of this lively abridgment of abstractive and data-based belles-lettres is to (a) examine historical and current publications to evaluate whet her sex activity work spot bias exists (b) look the pre fare such a bias would hire on women in the workplace, special(prenominal)ally women move up the corporate l chip iner and, (c) identify any theoretical or empirical gaps in the publications for the purpose of suggesting future areas of erudite inquiry. In this example, the causal variable (independent) is sex activity bias against women in the workplace and the effect (dependent variable) is mobility up the corporate ladder.Example 3 ( analyze carefully) The purpose of this vituperative depth psychology of theoretical and empirical literary works is explore the influence of organisational leadership and other itemors on schemeal performance, in for- gain ground and non-for wage service organizations, and to identify areas of future scholarly inquiry. In this example, the causal variables (independent) are organizational leadership and other factors, contextual (intervening or mediating) variables are the type of organization (product versus service) and service/non-profit, and the effect (dependent variable) is organizational performance.Please situation in under actual your purpose report, that the purpose tale ranges with The purpose of . and concludes with a statement tie in to identifying future areas of scholarly inquiry. 9 book of instructions musical composition An Overview and Purpose (Follow precisely) * brush up Blackboard meeting place 5. utilise your national and faculty comments for streng henceing, as a melt down to develop your Overview and Purpose (see items 1-9 below). *Draft 1 is due week 3. examine Forum 6. You leave alone get a dandy start if you develop this well. 1. Using the scout a.rise a preliminary call for the analyse and complicate on the name page. The title should include the briny concepts and roots (and/or key theories) for this review. Remember this is a faultfinding analysis of the literary works NOT a research study In no are a of this composing, should you refer to this retrospect of books as a research study b. For the Introduction to the literary works, insert a shortened subtitle preceding the colon for the level header ___ Overview and Purpose. 2. Under the Overview and Purpose, introduce the paper with an eye patrimonial opening sentence for the first paragraph. 3.After the eye catching opening sentence, briefly describe the theme (problem area, guiding concept, theme). Get to the point get int let the reader call back what the review is just nearly a fewer sentences. 4. undermentioned include brief definitions of each of the study concepts and cite references for these definitions in seize APA format. BE BRIEF this is non the literature only an introduction to it Anything you present in the introduction is developed in depth in the brush up of the publications. 5. Next, very briefly, attempt to identify how the literature explains these variables and their relationships to o ther variables. admit as some as mathematical variables beca delectation this go forth second in constructing a literature affair. The lay out allow set up relationships among the variables as you describe here. demoralise with the by-line The causal variables (independent are) The effects (dependent/outcome variables are settingual (intervening or mediating) variables that further impact the dependent or outcome variables are . 6. Discuss how the topic area was place and your reasons (point of view) for selecting the topic area to consume your critical analysis of the literature. surveil the Guidelines How to gravel Select a Topic and Overview and Purpose, including purposes identified by Bourner (1996). scram with the pastime The topic area of ____ was selected beca position___. 7. Explain what you inadequacy to last nigh the topic. appraise Hart, 1999, p. 14 (Questions the revue Can Answer). cast down with the following Some questions to be answered thr ough this critical analysis of the literature are 8. Answer the following Is the topic nigh the problems in a discipline or field of study, the processes in a discipline or field of study, or the practices in a discipline or field of study?Processes send packing refer to various epistemologic processes to develop knowledge (also See Hart, 1999, p. 14). Introduce this sinkly so the reader knows what you are speaking about. Begin with the following The problem area of is about 9. Conclude the Overview and Purpose with a clearly formulated statement of purpose of the literature review. Use the examples in the guidelines, as a guide to develop this. become this clear (see examples in the previous tantalise none).Begin with the following and include the ending The purpose of this .., and to identify areas of future scholarly inquiry. physical composition of the canvass, Scope, and subroutine library Research Plan cheek of the Review bawl out Collect clutch articles, read critically, identify concepts, theories, and themes, and think about the best way to present your topic. publish these concepts, theories, and themes down (see your Blackboard forum 5 submission and instructor response. Develop a literary works consumption. This is a Content Map (Concept Map or object Map) totally students will ease up a literature single- look upond function that will guide the organization of the review and literature search.Build (draw) a ocular picture of the concepts and their relationships, which results in a literature single-valued function. These evolve from your topic, key concepts, ideas, theme, and/or purpose. Dont introduce advanced learning or concepts. It should first be introduced in the overview. The literature compriseping is presented in-depth here. in that respect are many other(prenominal) methods to develop the review, which practically change as you learn more(prenominal) about the topic. Concept Mapping Representing s chooling in diagram form where key battle crys are combineed by lines. These lines are thence labeled to express the relationship surrounded by the legal injury.The resulting map shows colligate amidst key ideas and female genitals then be read through to mop up relationships between key terms. a. Definition and Purpose of a writings Map. This map is a visual/graphic representation of concepts, ideas, and themes that serve to guide thinking. In this case, the purpose is to guide the search and organizational presentation of your review. This map serves to i. Develop ideas for your review ii. Show relationships and interrelationships between the concepts, theories, and themes and if so, what type of relationships iii.Assist in organizing old knowledge and integrating it with new-fashioned knowledge iv. Guide your literature search propose/strategy v. Identify subtitles (subheadings) to cook your literature review so that you butt end overtake your ideas systematically. vi. A literature/content map is a creative, intuitive, and artistic endeavor to see how things fit to generate alternatives. It is also analytic and critical, based on what you are purpose in the literature. REVIEW THESE LINKS A simplified explanation of understanding of a Content map is described in the following URL web link http//users.edte. utwente. nl/lanzing/cm_home. htm b.Various types of written or visual Organizers (review this online. Click each box) (you need to im art object the syllabus downloaded and internet connection on) drawing string of Events Clustering Compare/Contrast Continuum hertz Family Tree Fishbone interaction line enigma/Solution Spider Storyboard Venn Diagram seminal fluid http//www. sdcoe. k12. ca. us/score/actbank/sorganiz. htm Other vane sites Graphic or Visual Organizers Graphic or Visual Organizers A right site review this online by ticktacking link. http//edservices. aea7.k12. ia. us/edtech/classroom/workshops/organizers. ht ml http//www. cast. org/ncac/index. cfm? i=3015 http//www. veale. com. au/phd/files/Lit_Map. pdf Some diagrams of content maps are render in the following URL web link http//trochim. human. cornell. edu/research/epp2/epp2. htmTable1 Free Mind Mapping Software (Smart Draw) http//www. smartdraw. com/specials/mindmapping. asp? id=13054 Readings on Mapping Ideas See Hart, 1999, pp. 142-162 Blackboards Assignments Toolbar See example of literature maps in Assignments Weeks 1-8 literary productions Review ( overcritical Analysis) 50%. at heart this folder is discipline on force outPoint intro and Student Examples. Most of the student examples include literature maps for RES 702 (RES600) students. Organizing the review of the literature by themes, theories, or major(ip) concepts and related concepts provides a frame for the central topic to organize. In this case, you may proceed inductively or deductively. http//trochim. human. cornell. edu/kb/dedind. htm Exercise in deductive/Indu ctive thinking http//www2. sjsu. edu/depts/itl/graphics/induc/ind-ded. html3bFor example, a deductive approach top executive start with the broader view or concept(s) then move to the particularised topic area. Example FOLLOWS A literature map (Figure 1) is utilise to guide the library search for theoretical and empirical literature about duration learning. The map shows a deductive sort of the major themes, using an interaction line style type of graphic organizer. runner with the broadest concept of standoffishness education, web-based instruction interacts with student characteristics, which leads to evaluation of effectiveness of web-based instruction in distance education.. . . Other concepts and their relationships to guide the review are . . . Other organisational Methodologies for Reviews darn RES 702 students are asked to develop literature maps that serve to organize the review, with more scholarly experience and depending upon the topic, you could also present the Review using an opposing view or methodological approach. This is non expect now. c. The literature map generates an define for the Review of the books Review Why do an Outline, and Basic Outlining skills http//www. und. edu/instruct/wstevens/PROPOSALCLASS/PATRAS.html http//www. mnstate. edu/wasson/ed603/ed603lesson5. htm An epitome provides a blueprint, skeleton, or a roadmap for the closing written review. An outline is an organizational process that is a logical description of the primary(prenominal) components of the literature review. It provides a visual and abstract design for writing. 1. Identify the main points in the order they should be presented. 2. Differentiate each main heading into logical subheadings. 3. Use further subdivisions if necessary. IT IS STRONGLY SUGGESTED THAT YOU INCLUDE A SECTION ON MEASUREMENT OF YOUR major VARIABLES.REPORT SOME OF THE MAJOR METHODS, TOOLS, OR INSTRUMENTS THAT HAVE BEEN USED IN prior STUDIES TO MEASURE THE KEY CONCEPTS IN YOU R OUTLINE. wag in the outline that follows, a sub-level heading is meter of leadership and organizational performance. In the Review of the Literature instalment, you would then describe the shaft of lights whether qualitative or quantitative, and reliability, validity (quantitative tools), and trustiness of qualitative tools. Run a Proquest or Google search such as mea sure enoughment leadership.This saves you time in the QP and literature in the dissertation where you need to know how your variables be in possession of been studied and measured. It is best to obligate MORE detail in these themes. You can always change later. Example of an Outline (Let us say that the following concepts are present in the literature map which could be Chain of Events, Clustering, or Interaction Outline. This is an example of an outline (quite detailed). It includes the major concepts that can be used for the literature search, and the outline is placed in the 2nd part of this Review (Review of the Literature) to organize how to present the literature. leading Classical, Progressive, Risk leaders Theories Traits and Characteristics of Leaders leaders, Power and Influence Gender and Equity Issues in Leadership practice Cultural Issues and Leadership Developing teams Leading organizational shift organizational Leadership Development strategical Leadership Leadership Measurement organisational Performance Dimensions of Organizational Performance Organizational Climate Individual Performance team up Performance supplier/Vendor Perspectives client Satisfaction Financial Performance posture Indicators Performance Driven Organizations Competency manakinManaging Performance 360 Degree Feedback Collaborative transfer Organizational Performance Measurement sidetrack (Activities) and Outcome (Results) Measures Factors Influencing Organizational Performance Leadership and Performance of Organizations Leadership Style and Team Performance Leadership Style and Organization al Outcomes Leadership Style and Vendor/Supplier and Customer Satisfaction Transformational Leadership, Organizational Culture, and Organizational Effectiveness 7 Instructions for Writing the Organization of the Review Do not present literature that you reviewed here. Just oppose to questions 1-7.1. After you design the literature map, begin with the statement A literature map (Figure 1) is used to guide the library search for theoretical and empirical literature in this review about ___. 1. Next, describe the specific type of organizer that you used to design your map (for example, cluster, chain of events, cycle, etc). To do this, you need to review this syllabus on line, and click the different URL links of examples of visual or graphic organizers (review preceding lecture which provides several types). 2. Identify the specific the concepts, theories, and themes that are in your literature map. 3.Next, briefly, describe the relationships between these concepts, theories and them es (such as what leads to what? Which are the causal, outcome and/or intervening variables? Are the concepts organised inductively or deductively? This all refers to the concepts, theories, and themes in your literature map. 4. Next explain that in sum total to guiding the literature search, the literature map serves to identify themes, theories, and concepts that will organize the Literature Review. symbolize these theories, concepts, and themes in outline form, differentiating each main heading into logical subheadings. (Keep it simple).5. Due for drawing off 1, go to the close major section (Review of the Literature) insert these themes/concepts as level headings/sublevel headings in outline form. They serve to organize the Review of the Literature. Use appropriate APA (see p. 113 of APA) level headings. An example using APA level headings, is shown in the bordering major section of these guidelines. The concepts and themes for the example, uses the outline of themes prev iously reasoned (leadership and organizational performance). 6. Insert the Figure 1, Literature Map at the end of this word of the Organization of the Review (before Scope and Context).a. Make sure that you develop your literature map in a software industry that can be copied and pasted into your Microsoft word medical studentument containing your paper. b. Make sure the map is an appropriate size and fits deep down the call for paper margins. c. The Figure and , and Title (Literature Map) rifle at the bottom, centered Figure 1 Literature Map Your goal is to produce the map well-developed in draft 1 and utmostized in (draft 2). It is expected that this map will change as you tighten and organize your literature review in the next section as well as well as in your go paper. punish this part with each new draft (and particularly as your literature map evolves). Scope and Context Lecture This section lets the reader know what is and is not included in your literature review ( setting). The topic is described in such a way that an appropriate context for the review of the literature is established, in a meaningful, logical way. The key terms here are included/excluded. You can double the theories, concepts and constructs that you will include and obvious theories, concepts and constructs you wint include ( suppose at your problem and topic area).Identify what might be included in the search in terms of types of organizations (public/private for-profit, not for profit service/product types of businesses, types of educational institutions) populations such as young versus old gender cultural groups countries or type of occupation. The major types of scholarly literature to review are empirical studies, review articles (critical analysis), theoretical articles/books, methodological articles, and case studies.These types of literature may be in the form of a book, weighed down copy daybook articles, and electronic journal articles. The following are di fferent types and forms of literature Periodical Abstract in a primary source, Abstract in a secondary source, Periodical (hard copy), Periodical (electronic), Non-periodical (Book), Non-periodical (chapter in a book), Proceeding of meetings or symposia, doctoral Dissertations (including abstracts), Unpublished work, Audio-Visuals, Newspaper, Government documents, and Electronic Media.5 Instructions for Writing the Scope and Context 1. As you write this, discuss what is and is not included. Regarding the topic or problem area, discuss what is and is not included in terms of concepts/theories, applications to different populations and settings. 1. Identify the forms (not types) of publications that are included. You dont need to name specific articles, but identify the forms of literature to be included. 2. Identify the discipline(s) you are focusing in (e. g. , education, health, business, criminal justice, accounting, sociology)? taked specialized areas within these disciplines, su ch as gender theories in sociology, accounting ethics, special education for stipulate populations, urban violence, etc. 3. Identify the scope in terms of the old age (period of time) that your literature review covers and exclusions. 5. Discuss whether you are contain your review to U. S. literature, and/or Global literature. For world(prenominal) literature, identify the countries. If seminal books are emphasized, include the titles. Refine this part with each new draft (and particularly as your literature expands). subroutine library Research Plan and system Lecture THIS IS THE PLAN, NOT THE REVIEW OF THE books The review is presented in the second major section (Review of the Literature) Searching the Literature A good review of the literature is dependent upon knowledge of the use of indexes and abstracts, the ability to bear exhaustive bibliographic searches, and ability to organize the collected data meaningfully. Information literacy skills attend to with information seeking and retrieval methods and scholarly communication. eff scholarly and peer reviewed journals (See Week 1 Lecture).The e-Learning tutorials about Lynn program library can look research students with the development of literature reviews using electronic databases, abstracts, bibliographic software, Internet searching, Library catalogue searching, subject resources, off-campus searching, and research and writing skills. You need to complete the tutorials. Library Research Plan/ system In reporting your library plan/strategy, identify concepts, themes (key words) or descriptors and search the relevant databases for research on your topic. Be consistent with the Literature map concepts and themes.Focus your search on primary scholarly works including empirical, theoretical, critical/analytic, or methodological inquiry. Recognize the differences between these types of scholarly inquiry. Review dissertation abstracts. Did you do a Lynn Library catalog search on the topic (at Lyn n)? Did you search selected journals? Did you destine the search to peer-review journals? Did you limit the search to certain years? If you are having difficulty in your library search, you may bother an accommodation with the Reference Librarian who may assist in building effective search strategies.When visiting the Library, you should come prepared with your search words. Requesting Materials It is suggested that you read the abstracts before requesting the materials from the Librarian, because certain abstracts may provide enough information to help you make a decision on the materials relevance. Expect that you will nonplus more literature than you will need to include in your literature review. Quantity, however, is not as cardinal as selecting appropriate literature, that is of value and relevant.While many published review articles may squander more than atomic number 6 cited references, due to time constraints in the course, the hope is a marginal of 20 relevant, s cholarly citations in the text of your paper. Do not go overboard. caliber and relevance is what counts. Dont use references from consulting firms or firms that are promoting their products or services. Look for scholarly publications. Types and Forms of Literature stripped-down Requirements i. The preference is that you review a modification of types and forms of literature so that you many learn to ii.Search for and evaluate different types and forms information iii. Integrate a variety of types information in the text of your paper iv. Recognize classic (seminal) works as well as current literature exceed yourself time to read the material do not make a library request for everything at once. Readings Search Strategy worksheet http//library. humboldt. edu/infoservices/sstrawrksht. htm http//www. noodletools. com/debbie/literacies/information/5locate/adviceengine. html http//www. lynn. edu/clientuploads/Library/Graduatestudentsmanual. doc11 Instructions for Writing the Librar y Research Plan and Strategy In a Review, a discussion of the plan or strategy you used to develop your literature search is presented. Dont discuss what you will do, but quite a what you did. 1. Identify the descriptors (concepts, themes, theories, phrases/key words) used to search the relevant databases for research on your topic. Include themes or groups of words used in the search plan. Add the terms conjecture or research to your themes when you are searching. You should uses many themes to limit the search.Example of a theme for a library search leadership organizational performance research. hear to include several themes. 2. Report databases used in your library search. 3. luff which of the following types of primary scholarly works were reviewed empirical, theoretical, critical/analytic, or methodological inquiry (aim to obtain all of these)? 4. Were secondary citations of references used in your paper? Explain Why? Review APA p. 247 to understand a secondary citation o f a source. Remember that these need to be restrain. In your dissertation, you need to mostly use primary sources of literature.Remember that if you report literature from secondary sources in your paper use (as cited in __). 5. Explain if you reviewed dissertation abstracts (yes/no). If so, on what topics, which abstracts? You should use these. 6. Explain if you did a Library catalog search on the topic (at Lynn or where? ) Yes/ or no 7. support the titles of the key journals reviewed. (Put these titles in Italics). 8. Indicated whether or not you limited the search to peer-reviewed journals? 9. Indicate if you limited the search to certain years? If so, which years? 10. Refer the reader to the example of a library Search Print-out that you will place in Appendix A.11. Report any problems encountered in your library search and how these problems were managed. Refine this part with each new draft. Interest, Significance, and rule for the Critical Analysis Lecture In this last par t of the introduction to the literature review, you explain the importance and significance of the Review that will follow. As you read more, you will find more rationale as to why this review is substantial. Provide a transition sentence from this Introduction to the Review of the Literature. Then end with a statement that explains how the Review will conclude in the discussion section.Example of concluding statement As an emerging method of instructional delivery in higher education, and one that continually evolves with the growth in technology, it is important to understand its impact on learning, retention, instruction, and students. This critical analysis of the literature concludes with a abstract and interpretation of theoretical, empirical, and methodological literature, conclusions, and recommendations for future scholarly inquiry into web-based instruction in distance education. 4 Instructions for Writing the Interest, Significance, and rationale for the Critical Analy sis 1.Discuss if the topic is of limited interest, regional, national, or perhaps of global interest? Explain why? You can include personal interest based on experience and potential applications. 2. unwrap why it is worth studying (or examining)? 3. Indicate that the presentation of the Review of the Literature follows 4. Develop a concluding statement (see example above, in lecture) to the effect that a compend and interpretations, conclusions, and recommendations are presented at the end of the review in the discussion section. Refine this part with each new draft. Review of the Literature About ___ (add your topic)Lecture This is the second major part of this critical analysis. This has a hanker lecture. Now is the time to write your in-depth Literature Review. You laid the foundations for this section in the Introduction to the Review, to organize your review accord to those themes. Present the theoretical literature (theories, model, constructs, concepts) about those theme s, and empirical literature (studies) regarding those themes, in a proper manner. Follow the instructions (see presenting theoretical literature, and presenting empirical literature) in this Review of the Literature section.If you present the literature appropriately in this body of the review, then you will have information to present in the Discussion of the Literature. If you dont, this Review falls apart. solely literature presented in this Review of the Literature can be analyzed in the next section, Discussion of the Literature. You will save a stitch in time, if you follow instructions and learn how to present theories, and how to present studies, including the authors stated limitations and recommendations for future inquiry, in addition to your critique of those studies. General comments The theoretical and empirical literature is summarized, analyzed, evaluated, and synthesized in a more in-depth coherent manner within organize headings and sublevel headings. Specifically , information pertaining to theoretical, empirical, methodological, critical review, and case studies about the topic is reported. As reported previously, expect that you will obtain more literature than you will need to include in your literature review. Quantity, however, is not as important as selecting appropriate literature to present, that is of value and relevant.While many published Review articles may have more than 100 cited references, due to time constraints in the course, the expectation is a minimum of 20 relevant, scholarly citations in the text of your paper. This will increase to 50 references in the limiting paper. It certainly isnt unusual to have over 100 references in a dissertation. Do not go overboard. Quality and relevance is what counts. Dont use references from consulting firms or firms that are promoting their products or services. Look for scholarly publications. As you present literature in your word document, it is okay to blether to yourself.Make not es in the document to your self. You can use different font colour or highlights for these messages to yourself. o Perhaps you want to leave a message to yourself to review a particular article that you didnt yet have the scene to review, or o you want to search another theme. o Or you read an article, but didnt have a chance yet to write about it scintilla down notes o Use the word file as a tool where you keep all information in one place. You will find this technique very helpful in developing the qualifying paper, and in developing the your dissertation.The instructor does not mind (and in fact encourages you do to this, even in final copies0. Just make the messages neat and not to distracting) Of utmost importance, is that you present your review appropriately. Practice doing it correctly immediately or you will be WASTING time (having to produce it later). Your review must be organized within the headings/sublevel headings. Insert the outline developed in the Introduct ion to the Review. Make sure that the outline is consistent with the organization of themes, concepts add theories in your literature map. It is ok if you vex or rename the themes, but make the changes if the Organization of the R (and literature map, in the prior section). You want the Introduction to the Review, Review of the Literature, and the Discussion section all to be internally consistent with one another. Instructions follow on how to present critically present, theoretical and empirical literature. FOLLOW THESE INSTRUCTIONS. Quotations and Paraphrasing and Critical Analysis This is a literature review, and not your opinion.